Framing techniques

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Question 1: Bit stuffing

Bit stuffing. Consider a simple protocol that uses 16 bits frames. Bit stuffing can be used to recover the frames from a string of bits. The table below shows an original frame (before bit stuffing) and a transmitted frame (after having applied bit stuffing). Only one of the lines below corresponds to a valid utilisation of bit stuffing (the frame boundary marker is 01111110). Which one ?

Before stuffing After stuffing

1111110110111100110101101110101 011111101111101011011110011010110111010101111110

Before stuffing	After stuffing
1111110110111100110101101110101	011111101111101011011110011010110111010101111110

Before stuffing After stuffing

0111111000101010 01111110011111100010101001111110

Before stuffing	After stuffing
0111111000101010	01111110011111100010101001111110

Before stuffing After stuffing

011111100010101001111001010101011011011101010110 0111111001111101000101010011111100111100101010101011111101011011101010110

Before stuffing	After stuffing
011111100010101001111001010101011011011101010110	0111111001111101000101010011111100111100101010101011111101011011101010110

Question 2: Character stuffing

Character stuffing is another framing technique. It uses the DLE, STX and ETX characters. The table below shows original (before stuffing) and transmitted frames (after stuffing). Only one of the proposed answers is valid. Which one ?

Before stuffing After stuffing

DLE A Z R STX DLE ETX ETX DLE 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 DLE STX DLE DLE A Z R DLE STX DLE DLE ETX ETX DLE 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 DLE ETX

Before stuffing	After stuffing
DLE A Z R STX DLE ETX ETX DLE 1 1 1 1 0 0 4	DLE STX DLE DLE A Z R DLE STX DLE DLE ETX ETX DLE 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 DLE ETX

Before stuffing After stuffing

DLE STX 1 2 3 DLE DLE ETX DLE STX DLE DLE STX 1 2 3 DLE DLE DLE DLE ETX DLE ETX

Before stuffing	After stuffing
DLE STX 1 2 3 DLE DLE ETX	DLE STX DLE DLE STX 1 2 3 DLE DLE DLE DLE ETX DLE ETX

Before stuffing After stuffing

1 2 3 4 DLE DLE 7 8 STX 1 2 3 4 DLE DLE DLE DLE 7 8 ETX

Deadline	No deadline
Submission limit	No limitation
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Framing techniques

Question 1: Bit stuffing

Question 2: Character stuffing

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Framing techniques Collapse context

Question 1: Bit stuffing

Question 2: Character stuffing

Framing techniques